B? 0 B Martınez, A.
Dimitriadis, Y.
Rubia, B.
Gomez, E.
de la Fuente, P. in Pressk Combining Qualitative Evaluation and Social Network Analysis for the Study of Classroom Social Interactions Computers & Educationl Cooperative/collaborative learning; Evaluation methodologies; Learning communities; Post-secondary
education Studying and evaluating real experiences that promote active and collaborative learning is a crucial field
in CSCL. Major issues that remain unsolved deal with the merging of qualitative and quantitative methods
and data, especially in educational settings that involve both physical and computer-supported collaboration.
In this paper we present a mixed evaluation method that combines traditional sources of data with
computer logs, and integrates quantitative statistics, qualitative data analysis and social network analysis
in an overall interpretative approach. Several computer tools have been developed to assist in this process,
integrated with generic software for qualitative analysis. The evaluation method and tools have been
incrementally applied and validated in the context of an educational and research project that has been
going on during the last three years. The use of the method is illustrated in this paper by an example consisting
of the evaluation of a particular category within this project. The proposed method and tools aim at
giving an answer to the need of innovative techniques for the study of new forms of interaction emerging in
CSCL; at increasing the efficiency of the traditionally demanding qualitative methods, so that they can be
used by teachers in curriculum-based experiences; and at the definition of a set of guidelines for bridging
different data sources and analysis perspectives. ? ' Tichy, N. M.
Tushman, M. L.
Fombrun, C. 1979) Social Network Analysis for Organizations 507-519 The Academy of Management Review 4 4 This article introduces the social network approach - its origins, key concepts, and methods. We argue for its use in organizational settings and apply the network approach in a comparative analysis of two organizations. X http://links.jstor.org/sici?sici=0363-7425%28197910%294%3A4%3C507%3ASNAFO%3E2.0.CO%3B2-NYD? Palonen, T.
Hakkarainen, K. 2000Q Patterns of Interaction in Computer-Supported Learning: A Social
Network Analysis8 Fourth International Conference of the Learning Sciences8 Fourth International Conference of the Learning Sciences" B. Fishman & S. O'Connor-Divelbiss
Mahwah, NJ ErlbaumS computer-mediated communication, discourse, learning environments, social
cognition The purpose of the study was to analyze patterns of elementary school students' peer
interaction in a computer-supported classroom. The problem addressed in the study was whether
students representing different level of school achievement and gender would productively
participate in progressive discourse. Technological infrastructure of the study was provided by the
Computer-Supported Collaborative Learning Environments (CSILE) The study applied social
network analysis to investigate written comments logged by 28 grade 5/6 students to CSILE’s
database. The study indicated that although the density of interactions within the CSILE class was
rather high, there were large individual differences in regard to participation in CSILE-mediated
discourse. Further, the analysis revealed that average- and high-achieving female students
dominated discourse interaction within the CSILE class, and carried the main responsibility for all
students’ collaborative building of knowledge. An important characteristic of CSILE students'
culture of interaction was that female and male students interacted mainly within their respective
gender groups. Within the groups a significant amount of communication took place between
students representing different achievement levels. It is concluded that social network analysis
provided new information about patterns and structures of CSILE students' interaction culture that
would have been very difficult to obtain by any other means.? Baxter, J.
Eyles, J. 1997d Evaluating qualitative research in social geography: establishing ‘rigour’ in interview analysis 505-5255 Transactions of the Institute of British Geographers 22 4/ methods qualitative evaluation social geography A review of 31 empirical and eighteen substantive papers by qualitative social
geographers mainly using in-depth interviews reveals little explicit reference to the
principle(s) adopted to enhance ‘rigour’ and to ensure meaningful inference. Given
the modest explicit discussion of evaluative criteria in these papers, a scheme from
evaluation research itself is critically reviewed. A set of evaluation questions derived
from this review and their application to an empirical piece of qualitative work
frame an argument for a general set of criteria rather than rigid rules for assessing
qualitative work. Such criteria can serve as anchor points for qualitative evaluation. | ? Fielding, N. G.
Lee, R. M. 1998 * Computer Analysis and Qualitative Research London Sage Publications? Huberman, M. 1990m Teaching, Learning, and Human Development: Linkage between Researchers and Practitioners: A Qualitative Study 363-391% American Educational Research Journal 27 2 Work in the area of research utilization has emphasized the importance of contacts between researchers and practitioners not only at the close of a study, but also before and, above all, during its conduct. These contacts have a strong influence on the impact of a piece of research on practitioners. More important, however, is the finding that, in settings in which educational researchers and practitioners have had few previous interactions, intensified contacts in the life of a research project can result not only in applications of the main findings, but also in the establishment of multiple areas of collaboration between the two parties that transcend the impact of a single study.
Z http://links.jstor.org/sici?sici=0002-8312%28199022%2927%3A2%3C363%3ALBRAPA%3E2.0.CO%3B2-0? Uzzi, B. 1997S Social Structure and Competition in Interfirm Networks: The Paradox of Embeddedness 35-67 Administrative Science Quarterly 42 1. ethnography
embeddedness
ethnographic analysis The purpose of this work is to develop a systematic understanding of embeddedness and organization networks. Drawing on ethnographic fieldwork conducted at 23 entrepreneurial firms, I identify the components of embedded relationships and explicate the devices by which embeddedness shapes organizational and economic outcomes. The findings suggest that embeddedness is a logic of exchange that promotes economies of time, integrative agreements, Pareto improvements in allocative efficiency, and complex adaptation. These positive effects rise up to a threshold, however, after which embeddedhess can derail economic performance by making firms vulnerable to exogenous shocks or insulating them from information that exists beyond their network. A framework is proposed that explains how these properties vary with the quality of social ties, the structure of the organization network, and an organization's structural position in the network.Y http://links.jstor.org/sici?sici=0001-8392%28199703%2942%3A1%3C35%3ASSACII%3E2.0.CO%3B2-L ? Uzzi, B. 1996n The Sources and Consequences of Embeddedness for the Economic Performance of Organizations: The Network Effect 674-698 American Sociological Review 61 4 In this paper, I attempt to advance the concept of embeddedness beyond the level of a programmatic statement by developing a formulation that specifies how embeddedness and network structure affect economic action. On the basis of existing theory and original ethnographies of 23 apparel firms, I develop a systematic scheme that more fully demarcates the unique features, functions, and sources of embeddedness. From this scheme, I derive a set of refutable implications and test their plausibility, using another data set on the network ties of all better dress apparel firms in the New York apparel economy. Results reveal that embeddedness is an exchange system with unique opportunities relative to markets and that firms organized in networks have higher survival chances than do firms which maintain arm's-length market relationships. The positive effect of embeddedness reaches a threshold, however, after which point the positive effect reverses itself.[ http://links.jstor.org/sici?sici=0003-1224%28199608%2961%3A4%3C674%3ATSACOE%3E2.0.CO%3B2-H ? Miles, M. B.
Huberman, A. M. 19941 Qualitative Data Analysis: An Expanded Sourcebook 2nd ed.
Thousand Oaks Sage Publications?
Orlikowski, W. J. 1993 CASE Tools as Organizational Change: Investigating Incremental and Radical Changes in Systems Development (in Theory and Research) 309-340
MIS Quarterly 17 3 This paper presents the findings of an empirical study into two organizations' experiences with the adoption and use of CASE tools over time. Using a grounded theory research approach, the study characterizes the organizations' experiences in terms of processes of incremental or radical organizational change. These findings are used to develop a theoretical framework for conceptualizing the organizational issues around the adoption and use of these tools-issues that have been largely missing from contemporary discussions of CASE tools. The paper thus has important implications for research and practice. Specifically, the framework and findings suggest that in order to account for the experiences and outcomes associated with CASE tools, researchers should consider the social context of systems development, the intentions and actions of key players, and the implementation process followed by the organization. Similarly, the paper suggests that practitioners will be better able to manage their organizations' experiences with CASE tools if they understand that such implementations involve a process of organizational change over time and not merely the installation of a new technology.Z http://links.jstor.org/sici?sici=0276-7783%28199309%2917%3A3%3C309%3ACTAOCI%3E2.0.CO%3B2-5? Orlikowski, W. J. 2000f Using Technology and Constituting Structures: A Practice Lens for Studying Technology in Organizations 404-428 Organization Science 11 4+ information technology
framework
innovation As both technologies and organizations undergo dramatic changes in form and function, organizational researchers are increasingly turning to concepts of innovation, emergence, and improvisation to help explain the new ways of organizing and using technology evident in practice. With a similar intent, I propose an extension to the structurational perspective on technology that develops a practice lens to examine how people, as they interact with a technology in their ongoing practices, enact structures which shape their emergent and situated use of that technology. Viewing the use of technology as a process of enactment enables a deeper understanding of the constitutive role of social practices in the ongoing use and change of technologies in the workplace. After developing this lens, I offer an example of its use in research, and then suggest some implications for the study of technology in organizations._ http://links.jstor.org/sici?sici=1047-7039%28200007%2F08%2911%3A4%3C404%3AUTACSA%3E2.0.CO%3B2-W
>? Orlikowski, W. J. 2002O Knowing in practice: Enacting a collective capability in distributed organizing 249-273 Organization Science 13 3 distributed competence; geographically distributed organizing;
knowing; organizational knowledge; organizing practices
organizational knowledge; boundary objects; dynamic theory;
identity; identification; information; search; image; firms May-Jun In this paper, I outline a perspective on knowing in practice which highlights the essential role of human action in knowing how to get things done in complex organizational work. The perspective suggests that knowing is not a static embedded capability or stable disposition of actors, but rather an ongoing social accomplishment, constituted and reconstituted as actors engage the world in practice. In interpreting the findings of an empirical study conducted in a geographically dispersed high-tech organization, I suggest that the competence to do global product development is both collective and distributed, grounded in the everyday practices of organizational members. I conclude by discussing some of the research implications of a perspective on organizational knowing in practice. ://000175510900004 550PF
ORGAN SCI
Organ Sci. ISI:0001755109000045K Zp? / Gersick, C. J. G.
Bartunek, J. M.
Dutton, J. E. 2000L Learning from Academia: The Importance of Relationships in Professional Life 1026-1044 Academy of Management Journal 43 6j In-depth interviews with business school faculty members suggest that work relationships are more than strategically chosen means to career mobility. Relationships are career- defining ends as well, and negative relationships may be as consequential as helpful ties, Findings also showed significant gender differences: women, more than men, told stories about harm; men, more than wo>? Orlikowski, W. J.
Barley, S. R. 2001} Technology and institutions: What can research on information technology and research on organizations learn from each other? 145-165
MIS Quarterly 25 2 epistemology; institutional analysis; information technology;
organization studies; research agenda; technological change
work-at-home; virtual organization; mis implementation; design;
communication; alignment; systems; impact; media;
computerization Jun We argue that because of important epistemological differences between the fields of information technology and organization studies, much can be gained from greater interaction between them. In particular, we argue that information technology research can benefit from incorporating institutional analysis from organization studies, while organization studies can benefit even more by following the lead of information technology research in taking the material properties of technologies into account. We further suggest that the transformations currently occurring in the nature of work and organizing cannot be understood without considering both the technological changes and the institutional contexts that are reshaping economic and organizational activity. Thus, greater interaction between the fields of information technology and organization studies should be viewed as more than a matter of enrichment. In the intellectual engagement of these two fields lies the potential for an important fusion of perspectives, a fusion more carefully attuned to explaining the nature and consequences of the techno-social phenomena that increasingly pervade our lives. ://000173923100002 522XW
MIS QUART Mis Q. ISI:000173923100002 ? % Orlikowski, Wanda J.
Baroudi, Jack J. 1991U Studying Information Technology in Organizations: Research Approaches and Assumptions 1-28 Information Systems Research 1991 2 >? " Orlikowski, Wanda J.
Iacono, C. S. 2001g Research commentary: Desperately seeking the "IT" in IT research - A call to theorizing the IT artifact 121-134 Information Systems Research 12 2 information systems research; information technology; IT
research; IT theory; technological artifacts; technology change
INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY; ORGANIZATIONS; SYSTEMS; WORK The field of information systems is premised on the centrality of information technology in everyday socio-economic life. Yet, drawing on a review of the full set of articles published in Information Systems Research (ISR) over the past ten years, we argue that the field has not deeply engaged its core subject matter-the information technology (IT) artifact. Instead, we find that IS researchers tend to give central theoretical significance to the context (within which some usually unspecified technology is seen to operate), the discrete processing capabilities of the artifact las separable from its context or use), or the dependent variable (that which is posited to be affected or changed as technology is developed, implemented, and used). The IT artifact itself tends to disappear from view, be taken for granted, or is presumed to be unproblematic once it is built and installed. After discussing the implications of our findings, we propose a research direction for the IS field that begins to take technology as seriously as its effects, context, and capabilities. In particular, we propose that IS researchers begin to theorize specifically about IT artifacts, and then incorporate these theories explicitly into their studies. We believe that such a research direction is critical if IS research is to make a significant contribution to the understanding of a world increasingly suffused with ubiquitous, interdependent, and emergent information technologies. JUN
INF SYSTEMS RES Inf. Syst. Res. ISI:000169487000002 >? " Orlikowski, Wanda J.
Yates, JoAnne 1994N Genre Repertoire - the Structuring of Communicative Practices in Organizations 541-574 Administrative Science Quarterly 39 48 DECISION-MAKING; PERSPECTIVE; TECHNOLOGY; CULTURE; MEDIAV In this paper we propose the notions of genre and genre repertoire as analytic tools for investigating the structuring of communicative practices within a community, As organizing structures, genres shape and are shaped by individuals' communicative actions. Our empirical study examined the communication exchanged by a group of distributed knowledge workers in a multiyear, interorganizational project conducted primarily through electronic mail. We found that the genre repertoire of this community revealed a rich and varied array of communicative practices that members shaped and changed in response to community norms, project events, time pressure, and media capabilities. Our analysis establishes the concepts of genre and genre repertoire as a means of understanding communicative action as a central aspect of a community's organizing process. DEC
ADMIN SCI QUART Adm. Sci. Q. ISI:A1994QN47400001 >? ; Orlikowski, Wanda J.
Yates, JoAnne
Okamura, K.
Fujimoto, M. 1995Z Shaping Electronic Communication - the Metastructuring of Technology in the Context of Use 423-444 Organization Science 6 4 ELECTRONIC COMMUNICATION; JAPANESE COMPUTER-MEDIATED
COMMUNICATION; ORGANIZATION CHANGE; STRUCTURATION; TECHNOLOGY
IMPLEMENTATION AND USE
ORGANIZATIONS_ We argue that the use of electronic communication technologies in changing organizational forms can be facilitated by the explicit and ongoing adaptation of those technologies to changing contexts of use. This paper reports on an exploratory study of the use of a computer conferencing system in a Japanese R and D project group. We found that the system's use was significantly influenced by the activities of a few individuals who shaped users' interaction with the conferencing technology, modified features of the technology, and altered the context of use. These activities-which we call technology- use mediation-promoted effective electronic communication both initially at the point of adoption, as well as over time as needs, preferences, experiences, and conditions changed. Drawing on these insights, we develop a theoretical framing of the mediation process which suggests that it can be a powerful organizational mechanism for helping organizations provide the ongoing attention and resources needed to adapt electronic communication technologies to changing conditions, contexts, and organizational forms. JUL-AUG
ORGAN SCI
Organ Sci. ISI:A1995RN13500005? ' Yates, J.
Orlikowski, W. J.
Okamura, K. 1999w Explicit and Implicit Structuring of Genres in Electronic Communication: Reinforcement and Change of Social Interaction 83-103 Organization Science 10 1 In a study of how an R&D group in a Japanese firm adopted and used a new electronic medium, we identified two contrasting patterns of use: the use of community-wide communication types, or genres, deliberately shaped by the action of a small, sanctioned group of mediators; and the use of local genres tacitly shaped by members within their own research teams. We suggest that these patterns reflect the more general processes of explicit and implicit structuring, resulting in both the reinforcement and change of social interaction within communities. Explicit structuring included the planned replication, planned modification, and opportunistic modification of existing genres, while implicit structuring included the migration and variation of existing genres. We believe that these two processes provide suggestive models for understanding the initial and ongoing use of new electronic media within a community. ^ http://links.jstor.org/sici?sici=1047-7039%28199901%2F02%2910%3A1%3C83%3AEAISOG%3E2.0.CO%3B2-F ? Charmaz, K. 20025 Qualitative Interviewing and Grounded Theory Analysis 675-6940 Handbook of Interview Research: Context & Method Gubrium, J. F./Holstein, J. A.
Thousand Oaks t ? Forrest W. Young 1981) Quantitative analysis of qualitative data 357-388
Psychometrika 46 4x ?
Barley, S. R. 1990D The Alignment of Technology and Structure Through Roles and Networks 61-103 Administrative Science Quarterly 35 1 A role-based approach is outlined for conceptualizing and investigating the contention in previous research that technologies change organizational and occupational structures by transforming patterns of action and interaction. Building on Nadel's (1957) theory of social structure, it is argued that the microsocial dynamics that result from new technologies reverberate up levels of analysis in an orderly manner. In particular, a technology's material attributes are said to have an immediate impact on the nonrelational elements of one or more work roles. In turn, these changes influence the role's relational elements, which eventually affect the structure of an organization's social networks. Consequently, roles and social networks are held to mediate a technology's structural effects. The theory is illustrated by ethnographic and sociometric data drawn from a comparative field study of the use of traditional and computerized imaging devices in 2 radiology departments. men, told stories about help, Workplace relationships may play different roles for professionals and managers, and men's and women's different relational experiences may foster different career logics, or ways of striving for success. ? - Kraut, R. E.
Rice, R. E.
Cool, C.
Fish, R. S. 1998i Varieties of Social Influence: The Role of Utility and Norms in the Success of a New Communication Medium 437-453 Organization Science 9 4 This natural experiment investigates the introduction and use of a pair of competing video telephone systems in a company over a period of Is months. Both quantitative, time-series analyses and in-depth interviews demonstrate that employees adopted and used the video systems for both utility and normative reasons. Consistent with utility explanations, people in the most communication-intensive jobs were the most likely to use video telephony. Consistent with social influence explanations, people used a particular system more when more people in general were using it and when more people in their work group were using it. There were two conceptually distinct, but empirically entangled, types of social influence. First, use by other people changed the objective benefits and costs associated with using the systems, and thus their utility. Second, use by others changed the normative environment surrounding the new technology. Both utility and normative influences were stronger in one's primary work group. Implementers, users, and researchers should consider both utility and normative factors influencing both the success and failure of new organizational communication systems.7? - McPherson, J. M.
Popielarz, P. A.
Drobnic, S. 1992+ Social Networks and Organizational Dynamics 153-170 American Sociological Review 57 2 In this paper we develop and test a theory of the dynamic behavior of voluntary groups. The theory combines an image of social network structure with the concept of natural selection to model changes in group composition over time. We consider the group to be a population of members subject to natural selection in sociodemographic space. According to the theory, the probability that members will enter or leave the group depends upon the number and strength of social network ties that connect group members to each other and to nonmembers. We analyze an event history dataset constructed from interviews using Life History Calendar method and information on ego- centered social networks developed from the General Social Survey Network Module. We test the hypothesis that network connections inside a group are associated with reduced membership turnover, while connections outside the group increase turnover. We find that weak ties and network connections that span greater distances in sociodemographic space are positively correlated with leaving current groups and joining new ones. We conclude that weak ties are a major source of change in group composition. j?
Rangin, C. C. 1994 Constructing social research Thousand Oaks, CA Pine Forge Press p ?
Staude, J. 1994 Language, narration and the self 141-149 History of the Human Sciences 7 ? Kapferer, B., Ed. 1972/ Strategy and transaction in an African factory
Manchester Manchester University Press ?
Larson, A. 1992[ Network dyads in entrepreneurial settings: A study of the governance of exchange processes 76-104! Administrative Science Quarterly 37 ^? Adler, P. 1985 Wheeling and Dealing New York Columbia University Press ? Tashakkori, A.
Teddlie, C. 2003; Handbook of mixed methods in social and behavioral research
Thousand Oaks Sage Pub. ?
Liebow, E. 19673 Tally’s Corner: A Study of Negro Streetcorner Men Boston Little, Brown & Company Limited G?! Stack, C. 1974 All Our Kin New York Basic Books P ?" Bott, E. 1957 Family and Social Network London Tavistock | ?# Mitchell, J C. (Ed.) 1969# Social Networks in Urban Situations
Manchester Manchester University Press }?$ Boissevain, J. 1974: Friends of friends: Networks, manipulators, and coalitions Oxford Basil Blackwell ?% Whitten, N. E.
Wolfe, A. W. 1974 Network Analysis 717-746, Handbook of Social and Cultural Anthropology Honigmann, J. J. Chicago Rand-McNally4 http://luna.cas.usf.edu/~wolfe/Whitten-Wolfe1974.pdf ?&
Wolfe, A. W. 1978, The Rise of Network Thinking in Anthropology 53-64 Social Networks 1- http://luna.cas.usf.edu/~wolfe/Wolfe1978.pdf w?' Bearman, P. S.
Stovel, K. 2000/ Becoming a Nazi: A model for narrative networks 69-90 Poetics 27