Defiant Pride: Origins and Consequences of Ethnic Voting

This article examines the origins and political consequences of ethnic voting, focusing on how identity-based pride shapes electoral behavior. The study develops and tests a framework in which marginalized groups may engage in “defiant pride,” strengthening ethnic identification and voting cohesively in response to political exclusion or discrimination. Using empirical evidence, the paper analyzes how such identity-driven mobilization influences political competition and democratic outcomes.