Jane Nelson - Selected Publications List

JANE NELSON SELECTED PUBLICATIONS LIST (As of November2022) 

 

BOOKS 

Samans, Richard and Jane Nelson. Sustainable Enterprise Value Creation: Implementing stakeholder   capitalism through full ESG integration. Palgrave Macmillan: 2022  

Grayson, David and Jane Nelson. Corporate Responsibility Coalitions: The Past Present and Future of Alliances for Sustainable Capitalism. Stanford University Press, Stanford, USA and Greenleaf Publishing, UK: 2013.   

 Jackson, Ira A. and Jane Nelson. Profits with Principles: Seven strategies for delivering value with values. Currency/Doubleday, New York: 2004. 

Nelson, Jane. Building Partnerships: Cooperation between the United Nations System and the Private Sector. United Nations, New York: 2002. 

Nelson, Jane, translated by Nicolás Suescún. El Negocicio de la Paz: El sector privado como socio en la prevención del conflicto. Grupo Editorial Norma, Bogotá: 2002. Translation into a book of report published in 2000 (see reports):  The Business of Peace: The private sector as a partner in conflict prevention and resolution. 

Brugger, Ernst, Jane Nelson, and Lloyd Timberlake. Cutting Edge: Small Business and Progress. McGraw Hill Interamericana de Chile, Santiago: 1994. 

 

BOOK CHAPTERS 

 Forthcoming 

Dernbach, John C and Scott E. Schang (eds). Making America a Better Place for All: Implementing the Sustainable Development Goals. Jane Nelson, Chapter 18: “Goal 17: Strengthen the means of implementation and revitalize partnerships for sustainable development.” (Forthcoming, 2022) 

Published  

Kharas, Homi, John W. McArthur and Izumi Ohno (eds). Leave No One Behind: Time for Specifics on the Sustainable Development Goals. Jane Nelson, Chapter 4: “No Smallholder Farmer Left Behind.” The Brookings Institution Press, Washington DC: 2020.  

Desai, Raj M, Hiroshi Kato, Homi Kharas and John W. McArthur (eds). From Summits to Solutions: Innovations to Implement the Sustainable Development Goals. Jane Nelson, Chapter 4: “Collective Action on Business Standards, Goals and Metrics to Achieve Scale and Impact for the SDGs.” The Brookings Institution Press, Washington DC: 2018 

Chandy, Laurence, and Akio Hosono, Homi Kharas, and Johannes Linn (eds). Getting to Scale: How to Bring Development Solutions to Millions of Poor People. Jane Nelson, Chapter 12: "Scaling Up Impact through Public-Private Partnerships." The Brookings Institution Press, Washington, DC: 2013. 

Kharas, Homi, Koji Makino and Woojin Jung (eds). Catalyzing Development: A New Vision for Aid. Jane Nelson, Chapter 4: The Private Sector and Aid Effectiveness: Toward New Models of Engagement. The Brookings Institution Press, Washington, DC: 2011. 

Brainard, Lael and Derek Chollet (eds). Global Development 2.0 Can Philanthropists, the Public and the Poor Make Poverty History? Jane Nelson, Chapter 9: Affecting Change through Accountable Channels. The Brookings Institution Press, Washington DC: 2008. 

United Nations. Strengthening Efforts to Eradicate Poverty and Hunger: Dialogues at the Economic and Social Council. Jane Nelson, Business as a Partner in Eradicating Poverty. United Nations Publications, NY: 2007. 

Brainard, Lael and Derek Chollet (eds). Too Poor for Peace? Global Poverty, Conflict, and Security in the 21st Century. Jane Nelson, Chapter 9: Operating in Insecure Environments. The Brookings Institution Press, Washington DC: 2007. 

Jordan, Amanda and Amy Lunt (eds). Whose Responsibility? The Role of Business in delivering social and economic change. Jane Nelson, Chapter 7, A Responsibility for Government – How Far Should Companies Go? The Smith Institute, London: 2006. 

Brainard, Lael (editor). Transforming the Development Landscape: The Role of the Private Sector. Jane Nelson, Chapter 3: Leveraging the Development Impact of Business in the Fight Against Global Poverty. The Brookings Institution Press, Washington DC: 2006. 

Perrini, Francesco (editor). The New Social Entrepreneurship: What awaits social entrepreneurial ventures? Jane Nelson and Beth Jenkins, Chapter 15: Investing in social innovation: Harnessing the potential for partnerships between corporations and social entrepreneurs. Edward Elgar Publishing Inc., Cheltenham: 2006. 

Moon, C. and Bonny, C. (eds). Business Ethics: Facing up to the issues. Jane Nelson and Frances 

House, Chapter 8, New Ethical Frontiers in Emerging Markets. The Economist Books, London: 2001. 

Contributor to Visions of Ethical Business. The Financial Times Management Series, in association with PricewaterhouseCoopers, London: 1998 and 2000. 

 

SELECTED ARTICLES, OP-EDS AND BLOGS (2014 – 2022) 

 

Zahid Torres Rahman, Jane Nelson and Tara Shine, “A Framework for Business Action on Climate Justice.” Stanford Social Innovation Review, October 17, 2022  

Gabriel Cecchini, Rachel Davidson Raycroft, Jane Nelson, and Carlos Santiso, “Why sustainable governance and integrity and crucial for ESG.” World Economic Forum Agenda, July 29, 2022 

Richard Samans and Jane Nelson, “The big fallacy in the backlash against ESG and stakeholder capitalism.” World Economic Forum Agenda, May 24, 2022 

Anna Barford and Jane Nelson, “A living wage increases economic productivity while reducing poverty.” The Conversation, May 16, 2022 

Lisa Dreier and Jane Nelson, “Why some companies leapt to support the COVID-19 response.” World Economic Forum Agenda, July 6, 2020 

Richard Samans and Jane Nelson, “Integrated Corporate Governance: Six Leadership Priorities for Boards Beyond the Crisis.” Forbes, June 18, 2020 

Zahid Torres-Rahman and Jane Nelson, “Protecting the most vulnerable: A business response framework.” Business and COVID-19 series, Business Fights Poverty, April 1, 2020  

Richard Samans and Jane Nelson, “Walking the Talk of Stakeholder Capitalism.” Project Syndicate, January 20, 2020 

Callie Stinson and Jane Nelson, “3 actions business leaders can take to help solve our water crisis.” World Economic Forum Agenda, January 20, 2020  

Lisa Dreier, David Nabarro and Jane Nelson, “Systems leadership can change the world – but what exactly is it?” World Economic Forum Agenda, September 24. 2020  

Juergen Voegele and Jane Nelson, “4 priorities in the race to build a sustainable global food system.” World Economic Forum Agenda, January 18, 2019. 

Elsa Galarza Contreras and Jane Nelson, “Why the answer to water insecurity is working together.” World Economic Forum Agenda, January 25, 2018. 

Jane Nelson, “Supporting Research in Neglected Tropical Diseases.” Business Fights Poverty, July 11, 2016.  

Jane Nelson, “Four Reasons Why GSK and Save the Children’s Partnership Stands Out.” Business Fights Poverty, June 1, 2016. 

Wiebe Draijer, Jane Nelson and Lisa Dreier, “No Company Can Solve a Massive Global Problem on Its Own.” Harvard Business Review, January 21, 2016.  

Jane Nelson, “Giving Women a Seat at the Economic Table.” GE Perspectives, July 1, 2014.  

Jane Nelson, “Corporate Social Responsibility: Emerging good practice for a new era.” OECD Observer No 299, Q2 2014. 

 

REPORTS 

 

Forthcoming (2022-23) 

Leipziger, Deborah, Jane Nelson and Ariel Silverman. An Agenda for Business Action and Partnerships in Pandemics and Natural Disasters. Corporate Responsibility Initiative, Harvard Kennedy School. 

Pierce, Lance and Jane Nelson. We Mean Business: Building a Coalition to Jointly Advocate for Global Climate Policy. Corporate Responsibility Initiative, Harvard Kennedy School.  

Nussbruch, Dorothee and Jane Nelson. National coalitions to strengthen humanitarian response. Corporate Responsibility Initiative Report, Harvard Kennedy School.  

Nelson, Jane and Christina Gradl. Fortifying markets - Collaborate among large companies, millers and others to strengthen local value chains for food fortification. Corporate Responsibility Initiative Report, Harvard Kennedy School. 

Nelson, Jane and Chris Musser. Food Systems Leadership in Action: Responding to crises and driving transformational change. Corporate Responsibility Initiative Report, Harvard Kennedy School. 

Published 

Barford, Anna, Richard Gilbert, Annabel Beales, Marina Zorila and Jane Nelson. The Case for Living Wages: How to improve business performance and tackle poverty. University of Cambridge Institute for Sustainability Leadership, Shift and Business Fights Poverty, 2022. 

Zahid Torres-Rahman, Jane Nelson and Tara Shine. Business and Climate Justice: Putting People at the Heart of Climate Action. Business Fights Poverty, 2021. 

Richard Samans and Jane Nelson. Integrated Corporate Governance: A Practical Guide to Stakeholder capitalism for Boards of Directors. World Economic Forum, 2020.  

Zahid Torres-Rahman and Jane Nelson. Business and COVID-19: Supporting the most vulnerable. Business Fights Poverty, 2020. 

Zahid Torres-Rahman and Jane Nelson. From Response to Rebuilding Better: Creating a more inclusive and resilient future for those most impacted by COVID-19. Business Fights Poverty, 2020.  

Lisa Dreier, David Nabarro and Jane Nelson. Systems Leadership for Sustainable Development: Strategies for Achieving Systemic Change. Corporate Responsibility Initiative, Harvard Kennedy School, 2019.  

Richard Gilbert and Jane Nelson. Advocating Together for the SDGs: How Civil Society and Business are Joining Forces to Change Policy, Attitudes and Practices. Business Fights Poverty and Corporate Responsibility Initiative, Harvard Kennedy School, 2018. 

Beth Jenkins, Richard Gilbert, and Jane Nelson. The 2030 Water Resources Group: Collaboration and Country Leadership to Strengthen Water Security. Corporate Responsibility Initiative, Harvard Kennedy School, 2018.  

Jane Nelson. Partnerships for Sustainable Development: Collective Action by business, governments and civil society to achieve scale and transform markets. Corporate Responsibility Initiative, Harvard Kennedy School. Commissioned by the Business and Sustainable Development Commission, 2017.  

Jane Nelson. Supporting Research in Neglected Tropical Diseases: Lessons from AbbVie’s Neglected Diseases Initiative. Corporate Responsibility Initiative, Harvard Kennedy School, 2016.   

Jane Nelson and Beth Jenkins. Tackling Global Challenges: Lessons in System leadership from the World Economic Forum’s New Vision for Agriculture Initiative. Corporate Responsibility Initiative, Harvard Kennedy School, 2016.   

Jane Nelson and Zahid Torres-Rahman. Business and the United Nations: Working together towards the Sustainable Development Goals. A Framework for Action. Corporate Responsibility Initiative, Harvard Kennedy School and Business Fights Poverty, 2015.  

Jane Nelson, Beth Jenkins and Richard Gilbert. Business and the Sustainable Development Goals. Corporate Responsibility Initiative, Harvard Kennedy School, 2015.   

Jane Nelson, Marli Porth, Kara Valikai, and Honor McGee. A Path to Empowerment: The role of corporations in supporting women’s economic progress. Corporate Responsibility Initiative, Harvard Kennedy School with the US Chamber of Commerce Foundation, 2015.  

Jane Nelson and Kara Valikai. Building the foundations for a long-term development partnership: The construction phase of the PNG-LING Project. Corporate Responsibility Initiative, Harvard Kennedy School, 2014.  

Jane Nelson. Expanding Opportunity and Access: Approaches that Harness Markets and the Private Sector to Create Business Value and Development Impact. Corporate Responsibility Initiative, Harvard Kennedy School, 2010. Commissioned by the Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation.  

Ehaab Abdou, Amina Fahmy, Diana Greenwald, and Jane Nelson. Social Entrepreneurship In The Middle East: Toward Sustainable Development For The Next Generation. Wolfensohn Center for Development at Brookings, Dubai School of Government, and Silatech, 2010. 

Shannon Murphy and Jane Nelson. Business Partnerships for Development: The Case of the National Beverage Company in the West Bank and Gaza. Corporate Social Responsibility Initiative, Harvard Kennedy School, 2010.   

Shannon Murphy, Wivinia Belmonte and Jane Nelson. Investing in Girls' Education: An Opportunity for Corporate Leadership. Corporate Social Responsibility Initiative, Harvard Kennedy School, 2009.   

Jane Nelson and Shannon Murphy. Corporate Social Responsibility in Saudi Arabia and Globally: Key Challenges, Opportunities and Best Practices. A Report of the First Leadership Dialogue. Corporate Social Responsibility Initiative, Harvard Kennedy School, 2009.   

Jane Nelson, Eriko Ishikawa and Alexis Geaneotes. Developing Inclusive Business Models: A Review of Coca-Cola's Manual Distribution Centres in Ethiopia and Tanzania. Corporate Social Responsibility Initiative, Harvard Kennedy School, 2009.   

Contributor to Business Action for Africa's   MDGs at the midpoint: Accelerating Business-led Growth and Collective Action. Author of Mobilising Business Action for the MDGs. Business Action for Africa, 2008. 

Cramer, Aron, with Valerie Weinzierl, Richard Samans, Jane Nelson, and Simon Zadek. Partnering to Strengthen Public Governance: The Leadership Challenge for CEOs and Boards. World Economic Forum and Business for Social Responsibility, with AccountAbility, Harvard University, and International Business Leaders Forum, 2008. 

Bush, Geoffrey, David Grayson, Amanda Jordan, and Jane Nelson. Amy Lunt (ed). Engaging Business in the Community: Not a Quick Fix. The Smith Institute, UK, 2008. 

Nelson, Jane and Beth Jenkins. The Role of the Private Sector in Expanding Economic Opportunity through Collaborative Action.  Report of Leadership Dialogue at Harvard University. Corporate Social Responsibility Initiative, Harvard Kennedy School, October 2007. 

Nelson, Jane. Building Linkages for Competitive and Responsible Entrepreneurship: Innovative partnerships to foster small enterprise, promote economic growth, and reduce poverty in developing countries. CSR Initiative, Harvard University and United Nations Industrial Development Organization (UNIDO), 2007.  

Nelson, Jane, Stefanie Held, and Dave Prescott. Partnering for Success: Business Perspectives on Multistakeholder Partnerships. World Economic Forum, International Business Leaders Forum, and Center for Business and Government, Harvard, 2005. 

Contributor to World Economic Forum’s Global Governance Initiative Annual Report, 2005. Author of Chapter 1, The Role of the Private Sector. World Economic Forum, 2005. 

Nelson, Jane, and Caroline Bergrem. Values and Value: Communicating the Strategic Importance of Corporate Citizenship to Investors. World Economic Forum and International Business Leaders Forum, 2004. 

Nelson, Jane, and Dave Prescott. Business and the Millennium Development Goals: A Framework for Action. International Business Leaders Forum and UNDP, 2003. 

Nelson, Jane, and Caroline Bergrem. Responding to the leadership challenge: CEO survey on global corporate citizenship. World Economic Forum and International Business Leaders Forum, 2003. 

Nelson, Jane, and Caroline Bergrem (eds). Global Corporate Citizenship: The leadership challenge for CEOs and Boards. World Economic Forum and International Business Leaders Forum, 2002. 

Nelson, Jane, Alok Singh, and Peter Zollinger. The Power to Change: Mobilising Board Leadership to Deliver Sustainable Value to Markets and Society. International Business Leaders Forum and SustainAbility, 2001. 

Nelson, Jane. The Business of Peace: The private sector as a partner in conflict prevention and resolution. International Alert, the Council on Economic Priorities, and International Business Leaders Forum, 2000. 

Nelson, Jane. Building Competitiveness and Communities: How world class companies are creating shareholder value and societal value. International Business Leaders Forum in collaboration with the World Bank and UNDP, 1998. 

Nelson, Jane. Business as Partners in Development: Creating Wealth for Countries, Companies and Communities. The International Business Leaders Forum in collaboration with the World Bank and UNDP, 1996. 

 

POLICY BRIEFS, ARTICLES, & WORKING PAPERS (1994 to 2013) 

Nelson, Jane. Innovative Platforms for Public-Private Dialogue. Paper prepared for Session I: How can multinationals engage with governments to support economic development? The Brookings Blum Roundtable, Aspen, August 2014.  

Nelson, Jane, “Strengthening Inclusive Business Ecosystems - Building Capacity for the Next Generation of Project Nurtures.” Blog post for Business Fights Poverty, May 2013. 

Nelson, Jane. “A Call to Action for Business.” International Youth Foundation, YOUth Magazine, Special Edition, Spring 2013. 

Nelson, Jane. “Radical Collaboration through Technology. “Blog post for GE Citizenship, January 2013. 

Nelson, Jane. The Private Sector and Aid Effectiveness: Toward New Models of Engagement. Paper prepared for the Brookings Blum Roundtable: Making Development Air More Effective. Aspen, August 2010.  

Nelson, Jane and Noam Unger. Strengthening America’s Global Development Partnerships: A Policy Blueprint for Better Collaboration Between the U.S. Government, Business and Civil Society. Brookings Institution, May 2009.  

Nelson, Jane. Corporate Action on Climate Adaptation and Development. Paper prepared for the Brookings Blum Roundtable: Development in the Balance: How Will the World’s Poor Cope with Climate Change? Aspen, August 2008. 

Nelson, Jane. CSR and Public Policy: New Forms of Engagement between Business and Government. Corporate Social Responsibility Initiative, Working Paper No. 45, Harvard Kennedy School, May 2008.  

Nelson, Jane. Business as a Partner in Youth Enterprise and Employment: An agenda for action. Policy brief for the Clinton Global Initiative, with The Conference Board, International Business Leaders Forum, and CSR Initiative, Harvard Kennedy School, 2008. 

Nelson, Jane. Business as a Partner in the Commonwealth’s Development. Article prepared for the Commonwealth Heads of Government Meeting Reference Report 2007, Kampala, November 2007. 

Nelson, Jane. New Development Actors: Effecting change through accountable channels. Paper prepared for the Brookings Blum Roundtable: Development’s Changing Face: New Players, Old Challenges, Fresh Opportunities. Aspen, August 2007. 

Nelson, Jane and Beth Jenkins. Business as a Partner in Conflict Prevention and Resolution: An agenda for action. Policy brief for the Clinton Global Initiative, with The Conference Board, International Business Leaders Forum and CSR Initiative, Harvard Kennedy School, 2007. 

Nelson, Jane. Business as a Partner in Strengthening Public Health Systems: An agenda for action. Policy brief for the Clinton Global Initiative, with The Conference Board, International Business Leaders Forum and CSR Initiative, Harvard Kennedy School, 2006. 

Nelson, Jane. Business as a Partner in Solving Malnutrition: An agenda for action. Policy brief for the Clinton Global Initiative, with The Conference Board, International Business Leaders Forum and CSR Initiative, Harvard Kennedy School, 2006. 

Nelson, Jane. Operating in Insecure Environments. Paper prepared for the Brookings Blum Roundtable: The Tangled Web: The Poverty-Insecurity Nexus, August 2006. 

Nelson, Jane. The Operation of NGOs in a World of Corporate and other Codes of Conduct. Paper prepared for the Rocky Mountain Mineral Law Institute, August 2006. 

Nelson, Jane and Beth Jenkins. Investing in Social Innovation: Harnessing the Potential of Partnership between Corporations and Social Entrepreneurs. CSR Initiative Working Paper No. 20, Harvard Kennedy School, March 2006. 

Deri, Chris, Jane Nelson, Adrian Hodges, and Maria Schneider. Business and International Development: Opportunities, Responsibilities and Expectations. CSR Initiative, Harvard, International Business Leaders Forum, and Edelman, September 2005. 

Nelson, Jane. Corporate Citizenship in a Global Context. CSR Initiative Working Paper No. 13, Harvard Kennedy School, May 2005. 

Nelson, Jane. The Role of the Private Sector in Global Governance. CSR Initiative Working Paper No. 9, Harvard Kennedy School, January 2005. 

Nelson, Jane. Building Public Sector Capacity to Address HIV/AIDS: The Role of the Private Sector. CSR Initiative Working Paper No. 8, Harvard Kennedy School, January 2005. 

Jackson, Ira and Jane Nelson. Values-Based Performance: Seven Strategies for Delivering Profits with Principles. CSR Initiative Working Paper No. 7, Harvard Kennedy School. December 2004. Adapted from article published by Ivey Business Journal, November/December 2004. Reprint # 9B04TF09. 

Nelson, Jane. Leadership, Accountability and Partnership: Critical Trends and Issues in Corporate 

Social Responsibility. Report of the launch event, CSR Initiative, Kennedy School of Government, Harvard Kennedy School, June 2004. 

Nelson, Jane. Turning Ethical Values into Business Value. CSR Initiative Working Paper No. 4, Harvard University. March 2004. Adapted from article written in World Economic Forum’s Global Agenda Magazine, January 2004. 

Nelson, Jane. The Public Role of Private Enterprise: Risks, Opportunities and New Models of 

Engagement. CSR Initiative Working Paper No. 1, Harvard Kennedy School, March 2004. 

Nelson, Jane. Economic Multipliers: Revisiting the core responsibility and contribution of business to development. IBLF Policy Brief No. 4. The International Business Leaders Forum, 2003. 

Nelson, Jane, and Moberg, Jonas. Rebuilding bridges: The role of responsible business in post- war Iraq. IBLF Policy Brief Number 3. The International Business Leaders Forum, 2003. 

Davies, Robert, and Jane Nelson. The Buck Stops Where? Managing the boundaries of business engagement in global development challenges. IBLF Policy Brief Number 2. The International Business Leaders Forum, 2003. 

Nelson, Jane. UN and business partnerships: The search for accountability in a complex world. In Accountability Quarterly, AccountAbility, May 2003. 

Nelson, Jane. World Poverty and the Private Sector. In Optima magazine, Special Edition for the World Summit on Sustainable Development, September 2002. 

Nelson, Jane. Globalisation and the challenge of building trust through corporate responsibility and good governance. IBLF Policy Brief Number 1. The International Business Leaders Forum, 2002. 

Nelson, Jane. The Leadership Challenge of Global Corporate Citizenship. In Perspectives on Business and Global Change. Vol. 14, No. 4, World Business Academy, 2000. 

Nelson, Jane and Simon Zadek. Partnership Alchemy: New Social Partnerships in Europe. The Copenhagen Centre, 2000. 

Nelson, Jane. Achieving social and economic objectives through privatisation: A management primer for emerging markets. KPMG and International Business Leaders Forum, 1999. 

Contributor to The CEO Agenda: Can business leaders satisfy the triple bottom line? SustainAbility, UNEP, International Business Leaders Forum, and the Association of Chartered Certified Accountants, 1998. 

Contributor to The Oil Industry Experience: Technology Cooperation and Capacity Building. UNEP and IPIECA, 1995. 

Nelson, Jane and Trooper Sanders. Educating Tomorrow’s Global Business Leaders. AIESEC and International Business Leaders Forum, 1995. 

Nelson, Jane (editor). Partnerships for African Development: Business and communities working together in Southern Africa. UNDP, The Ford Foundation, The Synergos Institute, and International Business Leaders Forum, 1995. 

Nelson, Jane (editor). Partnerships for Sustainable Development: The role of business and industry. United Nations Environment Programme, Tufts University, and International Business Leaders Forum, 1994. 

EXECUTIVE BRIEFING PAPERS written for CEO-level meetings and programmes of The Prince of Wales International Business Leaders Forum (1994 to 2002) 

Globalization: The challenges of building trust through corporate responsibility and good governance, October 2002.

Stakeholder Partnerships, February 1996.

Education, Training and Enterprise Partnerships in South Africa, August 1995. 

Business as Partners in Development: Building new bridges for sustainable development in Latin America, June 1995.

The role of Community Partnerships in Urban Development, November 1994. 

New Business Horizons: The driving forces for business and community partnerships in the 21st Century, June 1994. 

A New Spirit of Enterprise: Business and community partnerships in the transition to a market economy in Central and Eastern Europe and the CIS, April 1994 (Co-authored with Susan Simpson). 

Partnerships for Progress: Sustainable development and corporate citizenship in Asia-Pacific, January 1994. 

PAPERS and REPORTS written for the World Business Council for Sustainable Development (1991 to 1994) 

Proposals and background paper for Multiplying Managerial Skills in Central and Eastern Europe and the Former Soviet Union, September 1994. These proposals led to the establishment of a public-private training partnership in Russia. 

Co-author with Lloyd Timberlake of Changing Course: An African business perspective. The BCSD’s African report, which was submitted to the United Nations Conference on Environment and Development (UNCED/the Rio Earth Summit), June 1992. 

Working paper on The Role of the Financial Markets in Promoting Sustainable Development, December 1991.