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Economics versus Politics: Pitfalls of Policy Advice. James Robinson, Spring 2013, Paper. "The fundamental approach to policy prescription in economics derives from the recognition that the presence of market failures – like externalities, public goods, monopoly, and imperfect competition – creates room for well-designed public interventions to improve social welfare. This tradition, already clear in Pigou (1912), was elaborated by Samuelson (1947), and still provides the basis of most policy advice provided by economists. For example..." Link verified October 8, 2014