Countries around the world have faced a series of macroeconomic disruptions in the 21st century. The global financial crisis, the pandemic-induced recession, and the subsequent surge in inflation have challenged policymakers in different ways. More recently, heightened geopolitical tensions have introduced new risks to economic stability, while high government debt and the potential for disruptive new technologies add further uncertainty. In this course, we will learn the key tools that macroeconomists use to understand these developments, explore the circumstances and institutions that shaped each episode, and consider what policies can mitigate the harm from economic disruptions. We will then turn to longer-run challenges. We will examine what drives differences in living standards across countries and consider what policymakers can do to promote broad-based sustainable economic growth and strengthen economic resilience.